Changes in mechanical properties of impregnated Nomex papers 410 and 910 during accelerated aging

New materials are currently being developed for applications in transformer design. With the useful life of transformers now determined by solid insulation conditions, a better understanding of aging kinetics is important in order to improve electrical system management and planning from the technical and economic points of view. This paper summarizes an investigation of the effects of impregnating aramid and cellulose/aramid papers (Nomex 410 and 910) with insulation fluids (Nynas Polaris and Luminol Tri) at thermally accelerated conditions (170 °C) on their mechanical properties.It was found that Nomex 410 (100% aramid) showed only a small change in tensile strength (~5% decrease) after accelerated aging (around 7500 h). However, its elongation capacity was significantly reduced (~45–70% decrease for dry and wet Nomex 410, respectively) by the end of the aging process, probably due to hydrolysis. In addition, the interaction between water and aramid hydrogen bonds at high temperatures produced the rupture and then, the randomly rebuilt of these bonds in meta-aramid fibres, thereby reducing its plastic deformation capacity.In the case of Nomex 910 (aramid enhanced cellulose), its mechanical properties were maintained for a longer time than those of thermally upgraded Kraft paper (TUK), as measured by the retained percentage of tensile index. However, when the tensile index was used instead of the retained percentage, TUK showed a higher tensile index value than Nomex 910 during the initial stage, while the values for both papers became similar during the second stage. It is only at the end of the aging process that Nomex 910 presented an advantage over TUK paper due to the addition of the aramid fibres.It was also found that the inception fractures in Nomex 910, as a fibrous layered composite paper, start in the weakest part of the composite, probably in the central cellulose layer. The fracture line follows the weakest path, avoiding the aramid fibres.The results presented in this paper can be used as a benchmark for improving our understanding of aging and changes in the mechanical properties of these relatively new materials used in the solid insulation of power transformers. A better understanding of the aging characteristics (thermal degradation) of aramid-based papers should help better assess the condition of the new generation of power transformer fleets.     

光纤探针诊断100 kA-LTD模块开关的同步性

设计了一套用于同轴多间隙气体开关导通起始时间诊断的光纤探针阵列测试系统,其由光纤阵列与多通道快响应光电转换仪两部分组成,系统同步时间小于1 ns。使用该套系统同时对100 kA-LTD模块所有并联支路的10只开关的放电过程进行了测试,获得了开关导通起始时间及模块的输出电流波形。实验结果表明:开关工作欠压比为85%时,时间抖动不超过6.9 ns,负载波形重复一致性较好;开关工作欠压比降至53%时,时间抖动急剧增加至117.7 ns,负载波形重复一致性显著恶化。同时将光纤测试系统获得的各个开关导通起始时间带入PSpice电路模型进行模拟反演,结果表明,模拟结果与实验得到的模块输出电流波形吻合较好,证明了测试系统的准确性。     

传输线变压器匹配和响应特性的实验研究

针对传统变压器的局限,提出采用柔韧性好的同轴电缆和高导磁率的铁基非晶磁性材料绕制的1∶4阻抗变换的传输线变压器（TLTs）作为输出变换装置,并进行相关的实验研究。根据传输线理论及波的折反射分析了实际工程中的最佳匹配条件以及实际情况中阻抗失配引起的波形畸变;给出了磁芯材料对脉冲的响应分析。实验结果表明:TLTs对输出脉冲的响应良好,改善了波形前沿,减小了能量损耗,且与理论值具有较好的一致性。     

高温超导变压器在电网中的应用

随着高温超导带材性能的不断提高,高温超导变压器在电力系统中的应用可以有效提高系统效率。在广泛调研的基础上,分析了高温超导变压器的关键技术以及目前的技术瓶颈。在此基础上,结合近几年来国内外对高温超导变压器的研究进展,对高温超导变压器的应用前景进行了分析,并给出了高温超导变压器的发展路线。     

一种抗电源干扰电路的设计方法

介绍一种采用隔离变压器加上电子开关及相应的控制电路组成的抗电源干扰电路。     

Contribution to static electrification of mineral oils and natural esters

A failure of an insulation system of a power transformer can result into an interruption of a power supply and subsequently to a large economic damage. In some cases, the malfunction is so serious that a transformer may explode and catch fire resulting in a direct threat to the life of the device operator. These devices rely on a combined insulation system oil-paper. The oil in a transformer not only impregnates the pressboard paper insulation, hence increases its electric breakdown strength, but also acts as a coolant of active parts of the device. During the cooling, the oil flows in the transformer tank around the core, windings and isolation barriers from hardened paper. At the interface of two dielectrics, the oil and the cellulose in the transformer, electrostatic charges appear. The charges of one polarity are carried in the oil, and the charges of the opposite polarity remain captured in the barrier that is formed by the internal structure of the transformer. The accruing of a certain amount of charge leads to discharges along the surface of the solid insulation and therefore to its partial damage. Ultimately, this can lead to the damage of the whole insulation system of the transformer by its breakdown. At present, the mineral oils are used as the main liquid insulating medium because of their good electrical insulating and cooling properties. On the other side, there is a high environmental burden for their operation and maintenance as well as the subsequent disposal of the discarded oil. The natural esters may be used as a replacement for the mineral oil. They go well with the environment, they are biodegradable and in case of the transformer malfunction, its disposal costs less money.This paper presents the results of the experiments of electrostatic charging of the mineral oils and natural esters and their comparison. The charging process in the transformer is modelled using a metal cylindrical container with a forced flow of oil using a controlled rotating circular disc from a hardened paper. The results indicate that increasing intensity of friction, increases the electrical charge, which is generated at the interface of the solid phase and the liquid. In these experiments two types of mineral oils were studied. For comparison, two types of natural esters (sunflower and colza oils) were selected and used in the same experiments. The charging of the oils was examined at various temperatures ranging from 25 °C up to 70 °C.     

CO2激光器高压脉冲触发系统的设计

为了稳定可靠地触发CO2激光器旋转火花开关,设计了一套高压脉冲触发系统并且提出了一种新型的绝缘栅双极晶体管（IGBT）驱动与保护方法。根据CO2激光器中旋转火花开关的触发结构,应用复杂可编程逻辑器件（CPLD）芯片EPM3512开发了可以输出100～500 Hz重频脉冲信号以及单次脉冲信号的触发信号源;应用光耦HCPL-3120设计了具有过流、过压保护功能兼有电磁兼容（EMC）设计的IGBT驱动电路;对高压脉冲变压器进行建模并通过PSPICE软件仿真;搭建了实验平台,进行了联机性能测试。实验结果表明：在500 Hz的重复频率下,高压脉冲触发系统可连续稳定地输出高于38 kV的高压重频脉冲,基本满足CO2激光器的旋转火花开关稳定可靠触发的要求。     

不可逆三源化学势变换器性能的优化分析

建立受传质和质量漏不可逆性影响的一类三源化学势变换器的新循环模型,分析这些不可逆性对化学势变换器性能的影响,导出性能系数与泵能率间的基本优化关系和其它参数的优化表式,同时确定了化学势变换器一些重要参数的最佳工作区域和性能界限。     

光学电流互感器中线性双折射与法拉第效应的分离检测

分析了线性双折射对光学电流互感器(OCT)电压输出的影响,指出了差除和信号处理方案检测输出光信息的不完备性问题,用琼斯矩阵理论证明了差除和方案不能独立检测块状玻璃传感头中线性双折射的结论。提出了光学电流互感器的椭偏检测方案,从椭圆偏振光参量方程出发,推导了温致线性双折射、法拉第旋转角与输出椭圆偏振光椭率、倾角之间的解析式,证明了椭偏检测法对输出光信息检测的完备性,实现了温致线性双折射和待测电流的同时测量。为保证实时性,提出了输出椭圆光的三态检测方案,采用水平、垂直和45°三个偏振态的实时检偏,既克服了线性双折射的影响又实现了待测电流的实时测量,从检测原理上解决了温致线性双折射对光学电流互感器的影响。     

100 GW直线变压器驱动源的物理设计与模拟

 基于已有四开关组直线变压器驱动源(LTD)模块设计了对1 Ω负载输出电流100 kA、脉冲上升时间小于60 ns的八开关组LTD模块,该模块采用轮辐式结构,由8个储能电容、气体开关、峰化电容器组并联向中心负载放电。在此基础上,给出了峰值功率100 GW、共10级的LTD装置的物理设计,该装置为同轴感应电压叠加型脉冲发生器。通过电路模拟和PIC模拟,对物理设计进行了检验,结果表明：10级八开关组100 kA LTD模块串联可使10 Ω负载获得超过100 GW的功率输出,脉冲上升时间小于60 ns,所选取的结构和参数能保证电子流的磁绝缘,高压脉冲能有效传输到负载。